Valor de creatinina, potasio y glicemia como predictores de eventos adversos del síndrome coronario agudo

Introducción: En los últimos años la definición de síndrome coronario agudo, ha englobado las diferentes formas de presentación de la cardiopatía isquémica aguda. A pesar de las posibilidades terapéuticas actuales presenta todavía una morbimortalidad elevada y no se cuenta con herramientas de laboratorio para sospechar de manera precoz las complicaciones. Objetivo: Determinar el valor de los cambios de la concentración de creatinina, potasio y glicemia como predictores de eventos adversos del síndrome coronario agudo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de cohorte. La muestra estuvo constituída por 124 pacientes. Se confeccionó un formulario donde se recogieron los datos a partir de las historias clínicas, las variables fueron: grupos de edades, sexo, color de piel, diagnóstico, evento adverso, creatinina, potasio y glicemia. Resultados: Predominó el grupo de edad de más de 60 años, el sexo masculino y color de piel blanco. Los principales eventos adversos fueron arritmias y disfunción ventricular izquierda. La creatinina elevada se asoció a disfunción ventricular izquierda, insuficiencia cardíaca y edema agudo del pulmón, la hiperpotasemia con arritmias potencialmente fatales que degeneraron en paro en asistolia y muerte. La hipopotasemia se asoció con arritmias y la hiperglicemia con la recurrencia del episodio isquémico. Conclusiones: La totalidad de los pacientes con valores normales de creatinina, potasio y glicemia no presentaron complicaciones y se demostró su utilidad como predictores de eventos adversos del síndrome coronario agudo.

Introduction: In recent years, the definition of acute coronary syndrome has encompassed the different forms of presentation of acute ischemic heart disease. Despite the current therapeutic possibilities, it still presents a high morbidity and mortality and there are no laboratory tools to suspect complications early. Objective: To determine the value of the changes in the concentration of creatinine, potassium and glycemia as predictors of adverse events of acute coronary syndrome in patients admitted to Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech in the period from October 2017 to October 2018. Methods: A analytical cohort study. The sample consisted of 124 patients. A form was made where the data were collected from the medical records, the variables were: age groups, sex, skin color, diagnosis, adverse event, creatinine, potassium and glycemia. Results: The age group over 60 years old, male sex and white skin color predominated. The main adverse events were arrhythmias and left ventricular dysfunction. Elevated creatinine was associated with left ventricular dysfunction with heart failure and acute pulmonary edema, hyperkalemia was associated with potentially fatal arrhythmias that degenerated into asystole arrest and death. Hypokalemia was associated with arrhythmias and hyperglycemia with the recurrence of the ischemic episode. Conclusions: All the patients with normal values ​​of creatinine, potassium and glycemia without complications and their usefulness as predictors of adverse events of acute coronary syndrome was demonstrated.

Diferencias en la conducta de emparejamiento entre mujeres jóvenes universitarias de Santiago de Chile en relación con el consumo de píldoras anticonceptivas orales / Differences in mating behavior among university young women of Santiago de Chile in relation to the consumption of oral contraceptive pills

Durante los últimos años en Chile se ha detectado una masificación en el uso de anticonceptivos orales. Sin embargo, en Chile y al igual que en casi todos los países latinoamericanos prácticamente no se han investigado sus implicancias sobre la conducta humana. Específicamente, este estudio evaluó el impacto del uso de estos anticonceptivos sobre la conducta de emparejamiento en un grupo de 164 mujeres jóvenes universitarias, con una media de edad igual a 19 años y provenientes de cuatro universidades chilenas. Para ello se utilizó la adaptación chilena del Cuestionario de Componentes del Valor de Pareja que está compuesto por 22 ítems que se responden en una escala Likert de siete valores. Los resultados señalan diferencias entre las mujeres que consumen píldoras anticonceptivas (PA) y las que no lo hacen. Las consumidoras presentan los mayores valores del índice general del cuestionario sobre los componentes del valor de pareja y las subescalas de historia de relaciones de pareja, apreciación desde el sexo opuesto y apariencia. Estos resultados indican que las mujeres consumidoras de la PA se autoperciben y creen que el sexo contrario las evalúa como atractivas y muestran una vida sexual más diversificada, no mostrando diferencias en los otros aspectos relevantes para el valor de pareja no vinculados centralmente al atractivo físico. En definitiva, los resultados parecen indicar que el consumo de anticonceptivos hormonales no modifica la conducta social y parental de las mujeres, aunque su uso parece estar asociado con una mayor autopercepción de atractivo y mayor diversidad sexual.

Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills (PAs from now on), have been available on the world market for five decades. At present, the use of PA is massifier worldwide, being consumed by more than 100 million women on the planet. In recent years, in Latin America has been detected a dramatic increase in the use of oral contraceptives, and Chile is not the exception. In this sense, it is probable that the increase in the consumption of PAs in Chile is linked to the increase of women who decide to pursue higher studies and to develop professional careers. Concurrently, a wide field of research has been focused on the physiological and psychological effect of the consumption of oral contraceptives on human behavior, being mating behavior one of the main topics of research. However, in Chile as in most Latin American countries there is a lack of studies on the implications of the consumption of oral contraceptives on human behavior. In the present study, we investigated in a group of 164 university young women (Mean ± Standard Deviation: 19.27± 2.88 years) of Chile the impact of the use of oral contraceptives on mating behavior. Accordingly, we have applied a validated psychometric test to assessed mate value, one of the more relevant components of mating behavior i.e., the Mate Value Questionnaire. Mate value can be defined as a construct that incorporates a number of physical, psychological, and social dimensions that are related to an individual's ability to find, attract, and successfully retain a partner. This questionnaire is composed by 22 items and 7 subscales that are answered in a Likert Scale of 7 values. The Mate Value Questionnaire showed a high reliability (α = .85). According with previous studies that showed a decrease in sexual satisfaction and desire on women that consume oral contraceptives, we predicted a decrease of mating behavior and, then, a decrease on Mate Value for those women that use oral contraceptives. This effect was expected for all subscales of this questionnaire with the exception of relationship history subscale since women that consume oral contraceptives reported to have more diverse sexual partners on previous studies. The results show differences between women who use oral contraceptives (n = 87 women: 19.60 ± 2.89 years) in comparison to those who do not (n = women: 18.90 ± 2.84 years). However, the differences were, in general, opposed to our expectations being the consumers of oral contraceptives who presented the highest values of the general index of the Mate Value Questionnaire, and, concretely, for the subscales of relationship history, views of the opposite sex, and looks. In addition, we have failed into found any differences between groups in subscales that were not associated to physical appearance, such as wealth, sociality and fear of failure. The results suggest that the use of hormonal contraceptives does not modify the social and parental behavior of the women, although their use seems to be associated with a greater self-perception of attractiveness and greater diversity in sexual life. This study provides new information that will increase the understanding and discussion about the hypothetical effect that would or would not, the consumption of the PA on the pairing behavior. It is important to point out that the field of research on changes in the sexual preferences of women, derived from hormonal states, is in an important discussion process. Therefore, we believe that it is critical to carry out research in the future in order to elucidate the real robustness of this phenomenon, improving our understanding about the behavioral effects of consuming oral contraceptives.

Factores asociados a la fractura de cadera en el hospital clinicoquirúrgico Dr. Salvador Allende / Factors associated to hip fracture in Dr Salvador Allende clinical and surgical hospital

Introducción: La fractura de cadera es una de las principales causas de ingreso en ancianos y la misma está asociada a varios factores de riesgo.Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la fractura de cadera en pacientes mayores de 65 años en el Hospital Dr. Salvador Allende. Método: Se realizó, en el 2013, un estudio epidemiológico observacional analítico de casos y controles. Los casos fueron los pacientes con fractura de cadera. Se consideraron variables demográficas y clínicas seleccionadas. Se emplearon métodos estadísticos descriptivos y la razón de ventajas para estimar el riesgo así como regresión logística para valorar los factores de confusión. Resultados: El estudio incluyó 196 casos y 392 controles. Las variables asociadas con fractura de cadera fueron: edad (OR: 1,9; IC 95 por ciento: 1,3-2,9; p= 0,001); color de la piel (OR: 4,2; IC 95 por ciento: 2,3 - 7,6; p= 0,000); APP de: fractura de cadera (OR: 4,1; IC 95 por ciento: 1,5- 11.1; p= 0,005); de caídas (OR: 2,2; IC 95 por ciento: 1,1 - 4,3; p= 0,020); de HTA (OR: 2,6; IC 95 por ciento: 1,7 - 4,1; p= 0,000); consumo actual de: antihipertensivos (OR: 4,4; IC 95 por ciento: 1,5 - 12,8; p= 0,007), y antianginosos (OR: 0,1; IC 95 por cientro: 0,1 - 0,9; p= 0,027). Conclusiones: La edad, el color de la piel, los antecedentes de fractura de cadera, de caídas, de hipertensión arterial y el consumo actual de antihipertensivos son las variables que se asociaron con riesgo aumentado de fracturas. El consumo de antianginosos se comportó como factor protector(AU)

Introduction: Hip fracture is one of the main causes of hospitalization in the elderly and is associated to several risk factors. Objective: To determine the factors associated to hip fractures in patients aged over 65 years in Dr Salvador Allende hospital. Methods: A case-control, analytical, observational and epidemiological study was carried out in 2013 in patients with hip fracture. Selected demographic and clinical variables were taken into consideration. Summary statistical methods and odds ratio were used to estimate risk, and the logistic regression to assess the confounding factors. Results: The study included 196 cases and 392 controls. The variables associated to hip fracture were age OR: 1.9; 95 percent CI: 1.3-2.9; p= 0.001); race (OR: 4,2; 95 percent CI: 2.3-7.6; p= 0.000); APP of hip fracture (OR: 4.1; IC 95 percent: 1.5-11.1; p= 0.005) of falls (OR: 2.2; 95 percent CI: 1.1-4.3; p= 0.020); blood hypertension (OR: 2.6; 95 percent CI: 1.7-4.1; p= 0.000); present consumption of antihypertensive drugs (OR: 4.4; 95 percent CI: 1.5-12.8; p= 0.007), and antiangina drugs (OR: 0.1; 95 percent CI: 0.1-0.9; p= 0.027). Conclusions: Age, race, history of hip fracture, falls, blood hypertension, and present consumption of antihypertensive drugs are the variables statistically associated to increased risk of hip fractures. The consumption of anti-angina drugs acts as protective factor(AU)

Estudio transversal del efecto de la catastrofización y ansiedad ante el dolor sobre la capacidad funcional y el consumo de fármacos en pacientes con fibromialgia / Cross-sectional study about the effect of catastrophizing and anxiety to pain on functional capacity and consumption of drugs of fibromyalgia patients

(au)Introducción: La fibromialgia es una enfermedad crónica, caracterizada por dolor musculoesqueléticoasociado a otros síntomas. Se desconoce su etiología, el diagnóstico es clínico ylos tratamientos sintomáticos. El cómo afrontan los pacientes este dolor y su diagnósticoparece influir sobre su evolución y tratamiento.Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la catastrofización y ansiedad ante el dolor, sobre la capacidadfuncional y el consumo de fármacos de los pacientes con fibromialgia.Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal de 50 pacientes con fibromialgia, citados en reumatologíadesde el 1 de enero hasta el 31 de marzo de 2014 y voluntarios de la Asociaciónde Enfermos de Fibromialgia de Asturias. Se registraron variables clínico-epidemiológicas,Cuestionario de Impacto de la Fibromialgia abreviado (CIF), Escala de Catastrofización Anteel Dolor (PCS-SP) y Escala de Síntomas de Ansiedad Ante el Dolor (PASS-20).Resultados: La correlación de Spearman entre PCS-SP y PASS-20 fue de 0,67 (p < 0,001), entreCIF y PASS-20 de 0,27 (p = 0,05) y entre CIF y PCS-SP de 0,03, sin significación estadística.La correlación con el consumo de fármacos fue: con PASS-20 0,41 (p = 0,003), con PCS-SP0,49 (p < 0,001) y con CIF 0,32 (p = 0,024). El coeficiente de correlación desde el inicio de lossíntomas fue: −0,21 (p = 0,14) con CIF, −0,16 (p = 0,26) con PCS y −0,25 (p = 0,08) con PASS-20.Conclusiones: Los niveles de ansiedad y catastrofización se encuentran fuertemente asociadosentre sí, sin embargo, ambos muestran una asociación débil con la capacidad funcional.Puntuaciones altas en las 3 escalas supusieron un aumento del consumo de fármacos. Conmayor tiempo de evolución de la fibromialgia parece disminuir el nivel de ansiedad, lacatastrofización y la repercusión funcional.

Adaptation of Collins' revised adult attachment dimensional scale to the Chilean context / Adaptação da escala dimensional revisada de apego adulto de Collins para o contexto chileno

The Adult Attachment Revised Scale is a measure of relationship attachment that contains three dimensions: closeness, dependence and anxiety. In Study 1, the scale was translated and applied to a sample of 420 university students in order to assess reliability. In addition, the scale criterion validity was estimated through measures of self-perception and affectivity. The results of Study 1 supported the internal consistency of two dimensions of attachment, but dependence was lower than expected (α = .62). A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and failed to reach a convergent fit, thus demonstrating that two of the items in dependence were considered problematic. In Study 2, difficult items in Study 1 were reworded and the new version of the scale was applied to 81 participants. The results of two subsequent CFAs showed adequate fit of the scale and increased internal consistency with this new wording (α > .73), which replaced the expression "depend on others" by "getting help from others", which is a better construct representation of the meaning of dependence in the context of attachment closeness. Therefore, not only did we adapt the three dimensions of the attachment scale, but also provided evidence of its validity related to locally adapted instruments.

A Escala Revisada de Apego Adulto é uma medida de apego relacional com três dimensões: proximidade, dependência e ansiedade. No Estudo 1, traduzimos a escala e a aplicamos em uma amostra de 420 universitários, visando avaliar sua confiabilidade. Estimamos ainda o critério de validade da escala mediante comparação com medidas de auto-percepção e afetividade. Os resultados do Estudo 1 apoiam a consistência interna inicial de duas das dimensões do apego, porém a da dependência foi mais baixa do que o esperado (α = 0,62). Realizamos uma análise fatorial confirmatória que não atingiu um ajuste convergente, indicando dois itens da dimensão de dependência como problemáticos. No Estudo 2, reformulamos os itens problemáticos do Estudo 1, e aplicamos a nova versão da escala em 81 participantes. Os resultados das duas AFC subsequentes mostraram um ajuste adequado da escala e um incremento da consistência interna com a nova redação (α > 0,73), a qual substituiu a expressão "depender dos demais" por "conseguir ajuda dos demais". Dessa forma, conseguimos não só efetuar uma adaptação dos três construtos da escala, como também encontramos evidências da sua validação por meio da comparação com as outras escalas.

La multiplicación dramática en la enseñanza universitaria de lo grupal / The use of dramatic multiplication in university group education / A multiplicação dramática no ensino universitário no âmbito grupal

Este artículo presenta un modo de trabajo característico de la Cátedra de Teoría y Técnica de Grupos de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, denominado Jornada de Producciones Grupales. Dicho dispositivo pedagógico fue diseñado para el aprendizaje grupal a través de una experiencia colectiva prolongada de 8 horas, organizada alrededor de un recurso psicodramático: la Multiplicación Dramática. El dispositivo diseñado, en tanto crea condiciones para poner de relevancia la diversidad, hace necesarias algunas consideraciones metodológicas, filosóficas y políticas sobre las nociones de multiplicidad y diferencia. Estas nociones habilitan no sólo categorías, sino prácticas y procedimientos que abran visibilidad y por ende enunciabilidad a la diversidad de diversidades de un colectivo acción.

This article presents a work model applied by the Group Theory and Method, in Faculty of Psychology of the University of Buenos Aires: the Group Productions Session, pedagogical device designed for group learning through extended collective experience of 8 hours which is organized around a psychodramatic resource: the dramatic multiplication. The designed device, as long as it creates conditions to put relevant diversity, needs some methodological, philosophical and political considerations on the concepts of multiplicity, difference, diversity that enable not only categories, but practices, procedures that open visibility and hence enunciability the diversity of diversities of a collective action.

Este artigo apresenta um modelo de trabalho característico da disciplina Teoria e Técnica de Grupo, da Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Buenos Aires: a Jornada de Produções Grupais, dispositivo pedagógico concebido para a aprendizagem em grupo por meio de uma experiência coletiva de oito horas, organizada em torno de um recurso psicodramático: Multiplicação Dramática. Esse dispositivo cria condições para apresentar a relevância da diversidade, com algumas considerações metodológicas, filosóficas e políticas sobre os conceitos de multiplicidade, diferença, diversidade que permitem não só categorias, mas as práticas e os procedimentos que deem visibilidade e, portanto, enunciabilidade à diversidade das diversidades de uma ação coletiva.

Efecto de Bionator de California en los trastornos temporomandibulares / Effect of California Bionator in temporomandibular disorders

Fundamento: La ortopedia funcional de los maxilares es utilizada en el mejoramiento de las relaciones intermaxilares y de la articulación temporomandibular. Objetivo: identificar el efecto del Bionator de California en los pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio con diseño experimental en 32 pacientes entre 15 y 59 años del área Norte de Sancti Spíritus, de septiembre de 2011 a marzo de 2014, que acudieron al departamento de Prótesis Estomatológica de la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial de Sancti Spíritus. Se utilizaron métodos empíricos, estadísticos y procedimientos matemáticos. Resultados: El 56,2 % de los pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares se encontraron en las edades de 24 a 32 años y el 75,0 % fueron del sexo femenino. Los contactos prematuros con un 78,1 % y las interferencias en el lado de balanceo con un 46,8 %, fueron las interferencias oclusales más representadas. Entre los signos y síntomas, los más representativos fueron: el ruido articular (71,8 %), la rigidez (68,7 %) y el cansancio muscular (65,6 %). A los seis meses de uso del aparato seis pacientes erradicaron el trastorno y los demás pasaron a categorías inferiores. En la evaluación al año, se eliminó el trastorno en el 34,3 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en la evolución del tratamiento con el Bionator de California ponen de manifiesto el cambio favorable de la mayoría de los pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares, expresado en el cambio del grado severo a asintomático.

Background: The functional jaw orthopedics is utilized in improving jaw relationships and temporomandibular joint. Objective: To identify the effect of California Bionator in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Methods: An experimental design study was performed in 32 patients between 15 and 59 years from the North area of Sancti Spíritus, from September 2011 to March 2014, who attended the Department of Prosthodontics of the Provincial Dental Clinic of Sancti Spíritus. Empirical, statistical and mathematical methods were used. Results: 56.2 % of patients with temporomandibular disorders were found in the age of 24 to 32 years, and 75.0 % were female. Prematurities with 78.1 % and interferences in the balancing side with 46.8 % were the most represented occlusal interferences. Among signs and symptoms, the most representative were: joint noise (71.8 %), stiffness (68.7 %) and muscle fatigue (65.6 %). After six months of using the device six patients eradicated the disorder and the others went to inferior cathegories. In the assessment year, the disorder was eliminated in 34.3 % of patients. Conclusions: The results obtained in the treatment outcome with California Bionator demonstrate the favorable change in the majority of patients with temporomandibular disorders, expressed in the change of severe to asymptomatic degree.

Optimizando el acceso oportuno al test de ELISA para el diagnóstico del VIH: Recomendaciones desde los usuarios y profesionales de la Atención Primaria de Salud / Recommendations of health care users and professionals to achieve a timely access to HIV diagnosis

Background: Early HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) diagnosis optimizes therapies aimed at reducing viral load, increasing survival, lowering health costs and reducing the number of people infected with the virus. In Chile, despite widespread and readily available HIV testing, infected people continue to get tested in a late fashion and are usually diagnosed in advanced stages of the disease. Aim: To determine the elements that facilitate or impede a timely HIV testing and to evaluate how to improve the access to HIV testing. Material and Methods: Descriptive, in-depth interviews to 30 participants with unknown serology, 15 participants diagnosed at AIDS stage and 15 health care professionals working at a primary healthcare settings. Results: Users and professionals formulated three suggestions to improve timely access to ELISA test for HIV diagnosis. Namely, to inform users and professionals about the characteristics of the disease and diagnostic test, to offer fast and easy access to HIV testing, and to train the whole healthcare team about obtaining informed consent for testing. Conclusions: These recommendations should be implemented at healthcare centers to attain a timely HIV diagnosis.

Sexualidad juvenil: prácticas, actitudes y diferencias según sexo y variables de personalidad en universitarios chilenos / Youth sexuality: behaviors, attitudes and differences by sex and personality variables in Chilean university students

Background: Sexual behavior usually begins in adolescence, and is mediated by biological, personality and socio-cultural variables which can affect the expression of preventive and risky sexual performance, as well as sex and age differences. Aim: To determine sex differences in the age of sexual initiation, the use ofprotective methods and mate selectivity in young men and women, as well as preventive practices according to age, and the prevalence of partner aggression. Subjects and Methods: Participants were 484 university students from public and private institutions, aged 22 ± 3 years (59% women) assessed using a diversity of self-report measures of personality traits, romantic relationship quality, sexual role, attachment type, socio-sexual openness, and self-esteem; they also answered questions regarding sexual behavior, and violence. Results: Differences in age of sexual initiation, risky sexual behavior, and socio-sexual openness were observed between men and women. Aggression prevalence in romantic relationships also varied according to sex and age. Similarities and differences in patterns of behavior and personality variables were observed in relationship quality, sexual role, kindness, and responsibility in males and females. Conclusions: The findings present consistencies with the international evidence and differences that may be due to context specificities, providing also an empirical referent to consider in health planning.

Jóvenes de vidas grises: psicoanálisis y biopolíticas

Contenido: Abatimientos existenciales en jóvenes. Plusconformidad, pulsiones salidas de cauce y temporalidades alteradas. La pregunta por el deseo y la hospitalidad del dispositivo. Instituciones insignificadas. Biopolíticas: nada de lo social es homogéneo. Insumisiones, subalternidades y control de los deseos. Los júbilos en visibilidad y los cuerpos en escena. Las corporalidades: notas para una mirada genealógica. Recursividades: reconceptualizando la noción de deseo

De los imaginarios y prácticas sociales a las lógicas colectivas: 15 años de investigaciones de la Cátedra I de Teoría y Técnica de Grupos, Facultad de Psicología, UBA / From the imaginary and social practices to collective logics: 15 years of research of the Chair I, Group Theory and Technique, School of Psychology, UBA

Se presentan los principales resultados y los criterios metodológicos de 6 investigaciones realizadas en forma ininterrumpida por la Cátedra Teoría y Técnica de Grupos I de la Facultad de Psicología de la UBA en el marco de los Proyectos de Investigación UBACyT comprendidos entre los años 1995 y 2010. En ellas se indagó imaginarios y prácticas sociales en diferentes ámbitos y poblaciones.

This paper presents the main results and methodological criteria used in 6 studies conducted on a continuous basis by the Chair Theory and Technique of Groups I, Faculty of Psychology at the University of Buenos Aires as part of the Research UBACyT included between 1995 and 2010. They investigated social imaginary and practicies in different areas and populations.

Comparación del consumo de drogas en una población escolar de género masculino utilizando la metodología de pares y el cuestionario auto registrado estándar / Drug consumption in the masculine school population using the peer methodology and the standard self assessment questionnaire

El objetivo es comparar el consumo de drogas a través de dos metodologías, la metodología de pares (MP) y la metodología del cuestionario auto registrado (CAR). La población está compuesta por escolares de género masculino, que cursan entre 8° básico y 4° medio. La muestra alcanzó a 301 escolares. Los resultados obtenidos son, una tendencia a mayor consumo general con la MP que con el CAR; igualmente, en el último mes el consumo muestra una tendencia al aumento con la MP en comparación con el CAR. En ambos períodos no hubo significación estadística. Por otro lado, el consumo de drogas ilícitas en los últimos 12 meses, fue el doble con la MP. En cuanto al consumo de los últimos 30 días, también se duplica al indagar con la MP. La declaración del consumo de drogas ilícitas es significativamente mayor con la MP que con el CAR, en ambos períodos estudiados. El consumo de marihuana, en ambos períodos, es el de mayor consumo entre las drogas ilícitas. Todas las diferencias alcanzaron significación y por lo tanto, la hipótesis que indica utilizando la MP se obtiene mayor declaración del consumo de drogas ilícitas se ratifica.

The objective of this study is to compare the declared licit and illicit drug consumption, between paired methodology (MP) and self assessed questionnaire (CAR). We suggest that understatement of illicit drug use will be minimized with the use of peer methodology, and that licit drug understatement will not be affected using peer methodology. The population of this study is composed by male school students ranging between middle and high School. The sample reached to 301 students. The results obtained regarding illicit drug consumption in the year, tend to be higher using MP compared with the CAR. Similarly, last month consumption reached a higher prevalence using MP than using CAR. There are no significant differences in both samples, during both periods. Nevertheless, in the last 12 months, illicit drug consumption doubled the CAR report in comparison to MP. Regarding drug consumption in the last 30 days, the results also showed that CAR underestimated half of the rate stated using MP. Illicit drug consumption is significantly higher using MP, than CAR, in both periods that were studied. Illicit consumption rates of in the past year and in the last month are significantly higher using MP, particularly with Marihuana. There are no statistical differences in the same periods, regarding licit drug consumption rate, as alcohol and tobacco.

La experiencia de Peralillo: una intervención psicológica para el estado de emergencia / The experience in Peralillo: a psychological intervention for emergency situations

El trabajo presenta una intervención en Salud Mental destinada al apoyo emocional de los habitantes de Peralillo y sus alrededores, luego del terremoto que afectó a Chile en Febrero de 2010. Los objetivos fueron realizar actividades de prevención y contención emocional, asentado en las redes intersectoriales de la zona. El diseño de la Intervención contó con 24 voluntarios egresados, practicantes, académicos y profesionales afiliados a la Escuela de Psicología de la Usach, quienes realizaron un total de 14 visitas a la localidad. El alcance de la experiencia fue radial y con efecto dominó. Se realizaron atenciones individuales a 201 personas y 21 talleres de apoyo emocional grupal en espacios comunitarios (alcanzando a 332 personas), además de otras actividades específicas con funcionarios de Salud, prevención y psicoeducación en la Radio local, espacios públicos, salas de espera e intervenciones "puerta a puerta" en 36 hogares. Luego de un cierre de actividades, se evalúa la experiencia como exitosa en la implementación de un trabajo radial en coordinación con las redes de Salud Pública para hacer frente a la emergencia. Sin embargo, también surge la necesidad de abordar la prolongación del desastre en la medida que fuertes réplicas continúan. Se plantea como desafío para la disciplina clínica abordar las necesidades formativas que permitan hacer frente a nuevos desastres naturales, en función de esta experiencia.

This work presents a mental health intervention aiming at providing emotional support of the population of Peralillo and its surroundings, due to the earthquake that occurred in Chile on February, 2010. The goals were to implement prevention and emotional contention based on the contact with the local community network. The design included 24 volunteers affiliated to the School of Psychology (Usach), which participated in 14 visits to the area. The realm of the experience was radial and with a domino effect. 201 people were attended individually, 21 groups of emotional support were implemented (reaching 332 persons), in addition to other activities with health workers, prevention and education through the local radio, public spaces, waiting rooms, and door to door interventions in 36 homes. After concluding the intervention, the experience is regarded successful in terms of the radial coordination with the Public Health networks to face the emergency. Nevertheless, it is also necessary to consider the continuity of the disaster since strong aftershocks are still affecting the area. A new challenge to the clinical discipline will be to attend formative needs in the curricula to face future natural disasters based on this experience.

Desafíos de los emprendimientos educativos en las fábricas recuperadas / Challenges of educational enterprises in recovered factories

El presente trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación UBACyT P019 "Autogestión, Estado y producción de subjetividad: experiencias de fábricas y empresas recuperadas en Argentina". Se trata de una investigación exploratoria descriptiva, con una metodología cualitativa para el relevamiento y análisis de la información. El marco teórico posee un criterio multireferencial que articula ideas de las Ciencias Sociales, la Psicología Social, las Teorías de las producciones discursivas y la Psicología Comunitaria. Se presentan algunas características de los emprendimientos educativos que funcionan al interior de tres de las fábricas recuperadas de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se trata de colectivos autogestivos integrados por docentes, estudiantes y trabajadores, que conforman bachilleratos para jóvenes y adultos basados en la educación popular. Impera en ellos una lógica autogestiva, horizontal que contrasta con las características de las instituciones educativas tradicionales. Su funcionamiento se rige por un dispositivo asambleario horizontal.

This paper belongs to the UBACyT investigation P019 "Autogestión, Estado y producción de subjetividad: experiencias de fábricas y empresas recuperadas en Argentina". It is an investigation of a descriptive-exploratory nature following a qualitative methodology to obtain and analyze information. The theoretical frame has a multireferential criterion that articulates ideas from Social Sciences, Social Psychology, Theories of discursive productions and Community Psychology. Some characteristics of educational enterprises that work inside of three of the recovered factories of the city of Buenos Aires are presented. It is about self-managed collectives composed by teaching staff, students and workers, that form high schools for young and adults based in popular education. In them prevails a self-managing, horizontal logic, in contrast with the characteristics of traditional education institutions. Their functioning goes by assembly.

Estudio de prevalencia del consumo de drogas en escolares de Enseñanza Básica, a través de la metodología de pares / Prevalence of drug abuse among children in basic schools

Background: Peer methodology (PM) is an adaptation of the privileged access interviewer methodology and is used for prevalence studies. PM estimates higher drug consumption frequencies among school and college students than self reports, since it minimizes underreporting. Aim: To assess drug abuse among students using PM. Material and methods: A random sample of 234 school students of middle and low-middle socioeconomic status, aged 9 to 14 years (53 percent women) were interviewed using PM about drug consumption. Results: The frequency of licit drug consumption during the last year was 29 percent and 15 percent during the last month (current consumption). The consumption of tobacco and alcohol was 20 percent and 18 percent respectively during the last year. The figures for the last month were 11 percent and 8 percent respectively. The beginning age for smoking and alcohol consumption were 11.1 ±1.5 and 11.3± 1.8 years respectively. The frequency of illicit drug consumption was 3.5 percent. Illicit drug users began licit drug consumption at earlier ages their non user peers. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of illicit drug consumption among school age children.

Factores predictores del riesgo de consumo de drogas lícitas en escolares de 4° a 7° básico / Risk factors that predict legal drug consumption in school children from 4th to 7th grade

El problema del consumo de drogas es una preocupación mundial fundamentalmente en términos de prevención. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar factores predictores del inicio en el consumo de drogas lícitas en escolares de 4° a 7° básico. Se encuestaron 234 participantes de dos comunas de Santiago, mediante la metodología de pares (Rodríguez & Hernández, 2005). Los resultados muestran que si bien el consumo en el último mes parece estar disminuyendo, el consumo escolar está en aumento y a una edad más temprana, lo que predice un aumento del consumo futuro. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados al uso de drogas licitas en la muestra serían no vivir con alguno de sus padres y la participación en peleas callejeras. Dentro de los factores protectores, el género femenino presenta menor riesgo de inicio en la edad escolar.

Drug consumption is a problem of global concern primarily in terms of prevention. The objective of this research was to identify the factors that predict initial legal drug consumption in school children from 4a1 to 7"¹ grade. The peer methodology (Rodríguez & Hernßndez, 2005) was applíed to 234 partícípants from two counties in Santiago. The results showed that although drug consumption in the past month was in decline, school children are starting legal drug consumption earlier, which will increase its general use in the future. The main factors that predict the risk of legal drug consumption are not living with on of the parents and involvement in street fights. The feminine gender was the main protective factor for beginning drug consumption at this age.

Expresión y reconocimiento de emociones: un punto de encuentro entre evolución, psicofisiología y neurociencias / Expression and recognition of emotions: a meeting point for evolution, psychophysiology and neurosciences

El presente artículo presenta una revisión general en relación a la expresión y el reconocimiento de las emociones desde el evolucionismo, la psicofisiología y la neurociencia. Se distingue la función de la expresión y reconocimiento de emociones en un nivel filogenético y la universalidad de dicho fenómeno. Asimismo, se sintetizan los avances más representativos en la caracterización de las emociones desde la tradición psicofisiológica, en particular la actividad del sistema nervioso autónomo y la perspectiva de la autorregulación. Finalmente, se revisan los desarrollos de la neurociencia, que permiten comprender las estructuras involucradas en el reconocimiento y expresión emocional. La discusión se centra en los aportes de cada disciplina y la necesidad de generar una perspectiva que las integre, en vistas a resolver los problemas relacionados con la validez experimental y metodológica del estudio de las emociones.

The current article presents a general revision of research in the expression and recognition of emotions from an evolutionary, psychophysiological, and neuroscientific perspectives. The function of emotional expression and recognition are distinguished according to the phylogeny and universality of this phenomenon. Likewise, the most important approaches characterizing emotions from psychophysiology are synthesized, particularly the autonomous nervous system activity and self-regulation perspectives. Finally, the developments from neuroscience that allow for distinguishing the structures involved in the expression and recognition of emotions are reviewed. The discussion emphasizes the contributions from each discipline, indicating the need for an integrative perspective in order to solve experimental validity issues and methodological challenges in the study of emotions.

Descripción del consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas por género a través de la metodología de pares / A gender comparison of legal and illicit drug consumption

Background: It is possible that men consume a higher amount of legal and illegal drugs than women. This can be assessed using the peer methodology, that is an adaptation of the privileged access interviewers (PAI) method and allows to identify populations in which there may be a tendency to under state a phenomenon (hidden populations) Aim: To compare the consumption of legal and illegal drugs by gender. Material and methods: Drug consumption was assessed using a peer methodology in university students between 18 and 26 years of age. Results: A random sample of 56 women (mean age 21.6 years) and 86 men (mean age 21.5 years), was studied. Women tended to report a higher proportion of tobacco consumption than men. Both genders had a similar consumption behavior of alcohol, total legal drugs, marihuana, cocaine, ecstasies and total illegal drugs. Among subjects that recognized the consumption of legal drugs, men have a higher proportion of illicit drug use and women have a higher proportion of smoking. Men have a higher awareness of the damages caused by drug consumption. Conclusions: The results in these small population sample do not support the hypothesis that men have a higher frequency and proportion of illicit drug consumption.

A importância da interação mãe-bebê no desenvolvimento infantil: a atuação da enfermagem materno-infantil / The importance of mother baby interaction in child development: the childish-maternal nursing performance

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma revisão de literatura dos fatores e características da interação mãe-filho à luz da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento. Faz-se algumas considerações sobre a ligação afetiva mãe-filho desde a concepção, parto e nascimento e sua importância para as enfermeiras que trabalham na área materno-infantil. O conhecimento dos aspectos psicológicos do desenvolvimento da interação mãe-filho deve ser um componente regular do patrimônio de conhecimentos clínicos básicos de enfermagem. Isso porque os aspectos físico e psíquico são inseparáveis na pessoa, um dependendo do outro. Só assim o enfermeiro terá condição de prestar uma assistência materno-infantil integral.

Conductas agresivas, consumo de drogas e intentos de suicidio en jóvenes universitarios / Aggressive behaviors, drug consumption, and suicide attempts in university students

El objetivo del presente estudio fue relacionar las conductas agresivas con el consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas e intentos de suicidio en jóvenes universitarios de 18 a 26 años, de nivel socioeconómico medio alto y alto. Las drogas lícitas consideradas fueron tabaco y alcohol, y las ilícitas, marihuana, cocaína y éxtasis. También se observó la relación existente entre actitudes agresivas (participación en peleas y/o riñas callejeras) e intentos de suicidio. El tipo de estudio es correlacional con un diseño transversal. Para obtener la información se utilizó la metodología de pares utilizando un instrumento previamente validado para Chile. La muestra estuvo constituida por 400 universitarios con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 26 años. Se encontró que el 21 por ciento había participado en riñas o peleas callejeras en el año y un 11,3 por ciento en el último mes. Las peleas en el último año se asociaron al consumo de marihuana, cocaína, éxtasis e intentos de suicidios. La participación de mujeres en peleas callejeras se asocia a intentos de suicidio, en cambio en el grupo de hombres, esta variable se asocia al consumo de drogas duras.